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By Bjorn Fehrm

March 19, 2026, © Leeham News: In our series on the state of alternative propulsion projects, we have analysed electric hybrid projects and found that these do not make for an operationally acceptable airliner. They are more expensive in production, thus in purchase, and their operational costs are not lower than the aircraft they shall replace.

Projects analyze hybrids after realizing that battery-electric airliners are too limited in range.  But soon, the problem areas of hybrids become clear. The studies then swing to hydrogen propulsion systems.

Figure 1. The Airbus ZEROe hydrogen-fueled concepts for a future airliner. Source: Airbus.

These have new technical challenges but produce aircraft with operationally acceptable range. We now examine the various concepts for hydrogen-fueled propulsion and outline their challenges and capabilities.